The history of the administrative divisions of China after 1949 refers to the administrative divisions under the People's Republic of China. In 1949, the communist forces initially held scattered fragments of China at the start of the Chinese Civil War. By late 1949, they controlled the majority of mainland China, forcing the Republic of China government to relocate to Taiwan.
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Transcription
For those of you who are just starting to learn about the history of China in the first half of the 20th century, it can be a little bit confusing. So the goal of this video is really to give you an overview, to give you a scaffold, of the history of the first half of the 20th century in China. So as we go into the early 1900s, you have the end of imperial dynastic rule in China. This is a big deal. China has been ruled by various dynasties for multiple thousands of years. But as you get into the 1900s, the dynastic rule, in particular the Qing Dynasty, was getting weaker and weaker. It had suffered at the hands of the Japanese during the first Sino-Japanese War at the end of the 1800s. There was growing discontent amongst the opposition that the dynasty, that the emperors, were not modernizing China enough. Remember, this is the early 1900s. The rest of the world was becoming a very, very modern place. China in the 1800s had suffered at the hands of Western powers who were essentially exerting their own imperial influence in China. Many people felt that this was because China was not as modernized economically, politically, technologically as it needed to be. And so you fast-forward to 1911. You have what is known as the Wuchang Uprising, which led to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. By 1912, a Republic of China was established in Nanjing. So Nanjing right over here was where it was established. Beijing was, of course, the seat of dynastic rule in China. And the first provisional president of the Republic of China was Dr. Sun Yat-sen, right over here. And he actually did not directly participate in this final uprising that finally led to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. He was actually in Denver at the time, Denver, Colorado. But he was a leading or one of the leading figures in the run up to this uprising, one of the leading figures who was providing opposition and had tried multiple times to overthrow the dynasty. Now along with Sun Yat-sen, he was essentially in cahoots with Yuan Shikai, who was a general in the old dynasty. And he has his own fascinating history. And Sun Yat-sen struck a deal with Yuan Shikai, who was very politically ambitious. Yuan Shikai said, hey, if I can get the emperor Puyi, who was the last emperor of China, if I can get him to officially abdicate, I want to become the president. So Sun Yat-sen agrees to this. So Yuan Shikai becomes the president of the Republic of China. But that wasn't enough for him. He declares himself emperor in 1915, which you could imagine did not make many people happy because they were tired of having emperors. And by 1916, he abdicates and he passes away, actually. And this actually begins a period of extremely fragmented rule for China. Even under imperial rule, the Chinese military was not one consolidated body. The military was controlled by various warlords in various regions that all had allegiance to the emperor. Once you have Yuan Shikai abdicating and then dying in 1916, and even prior to that, when he declared himself emperor, people did not want to pledge allegiance to Yuan Shikai. And so you had what is known as the beginning of the Warlord Era in China. And this is a fragmented period where you did not have any centralized leadership. This map over here shows kind of the rough picture of what the Warlord Era looked like. Each of these regions were controlled by a different warlord who was in charge of a different military. When this was going on during the Warlord Era, especially as we go back to the early '20s, in 1921 in particular, Sun Yat-sen hasn't given up. He goes to the south in Guangzhou and sets up, essentially, a revolutionary government, essentially a desire from there to try to consolidate power in China again and reestablish the Republic of China. So he goes there. But unfortunately he passes away in 1925 from cancer. And the hands or the power of the movement that he started, which is now being referred to as the Kuomintang-- Let me write that down. Essentially, the power there passes on to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. And Chiang Kai-shek, the reason why we say the power essentially goes to him is because he was in control of the major part of the military forces of the Kuomintang. And this is essentially the very nascent early stages of what would essentially be the Chinese Civil War because in the period from 1921 until Sun Yat-sen's death, you actually had a lot of collaboration between the Chinese nationalists, the Kuomintang, and the Soviet Union, and the Chinese Communist Party. They were trying to collaborate in order to think about how China would unify. But then once Sun Yat-sen dies and the power of the Kuomintang essentially goes into the hands of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, he starts to consolidate power. And right from the get-go, he doesn't antagonize the communists. But by 1927, he's starting to consolidate, he's starting to merge these various factions in the rest of China. So he's able to consolidate power. But he also starts to go after the communists. So Chiang Kai-shek, by '27, also starts to go after the communists. And the communists are saying, hey, we are the ones that really represent the spirit of what Sun Yat-sen represented, while the Kuomintang under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek said, no, no, no. We represent what Sun Yat-sen represented when he first established the Republic of China. And so in 1927, you have the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. This is when the Kuomintang, as part of its efforts to consolidate power, not only tries to consolidate power of the warlords, but also goes after the Communist Party. Now while all of this is happening, as we get into the early 1930s, Japan once again is trying to exert its imperial, its military, might on the Chinese mainland. They had already captured Formosa, which is now known as Taiwan, and Korea during the first Sino-Japanese War at the end of the 1800s. And then in 1931, the Japanese start to encroach on Manchuria. And this would essentially become a multi-year occupation and infiltration of Japan into China. And this continues all the way until 1937, when it becomes an official all-out war between the Japanese and the Chinese. And I have a map here that shows kind of the maximum Japanese control over this period. And so in east Asia between the Chinese and the Japanese, World War II was really just part of the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese had already encroached on the mainland of China well before World War II had officially begun. Now while all this is happening, Japan is encroaching into Manchuria, in 1934, you have to remember, the Kuomintang, the Nationalist Party under Chiang Kai-shek is going after the communists. And in 1934, he almost has them, or he does. The communists are nearly defeated. They're surrounded by the Nationalist Party. And this becomes what is a fairly famous event in Chinese history, the famous Long March, where the Chinese Communist Party, their military, is marched through extremely tough terrain all the way to the northwest of China. So this right over here is a map of the Long March. The Chinese Communist Party seemed to be on the ropes here in 1934. And it was during this Long March that Mao Zedong really started to exert and show leadership. The leadership during this Long March, during this retreat to the northwest of China, is really what allowed Mao Zedong to eventually take control of the Chinese Communist Party. Now as we fast forward, we know that the Sino-Japanese War-- you could view this as one theater, eventually, of World War II-- eventually the US goes in on the side of the Allies against Japan after Pearl Harbor. And then in 1945, you have the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki with atomic weapons, which essentially ends the Pacific theater. It's defeat for Japan, and Japan has lost World War II. And at this point, full-scale civil war between the two parties break out again. The Civil War started in 1927, and then it kept continuing. But then once there was a common enemy in Japan that was clearly aggressively trying to take over more and more of China's people, resources, exert its imperial influence, then you had the two parties kind of go into a low-grade war and say, hey, we need to fight these Japanese. But once World War II ended in 1945, once the Japanese were defeated, then you had full-scale civil war break out again between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang. And this is probably one of the biggest comebacks in history. This was the Chinese Communist Party that in 1934 and 1935 looked like they were on the ropes. They were forced into, essentially, retreat. They were able to come back. And in 1949-- and there's a lot of theories as to why they were able to pull this off. That they were able to get much more of the support from the rural population. They were more savvy about getting support generally than the Kuomintang. But we could talk about that in a future video. But by 1949, they were able to defeat Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang, force the Kuomintang to retreat to Taiwan, establish government in Taiwan. And ever since then, you had the establishment by the Chinese Communist Party in 1949 of the People's Republic of China.
Founding
The Government of China made the following changes:
- China was divided into 6 greater administrative areas (大行政区 dà xíngzhèngqū) that came above provinces.
- Manchuria was reorganized completely.
- Inner Mongolia was formed out of parts of Manchuria as the first autonomous region.
- The short-lived province Pingyuan was set up.
- Jiangsu was temporarily divided into two administrative regions: Subei and Sunan.
- Anhui was temporarily divided into two administrative regions: Wanbei and Wannan.
- Sichuan was temporarily divided into four administrative regions: Chuandong, Chuannan, Chuanxi and Chuanbei.
1950s
In 1952, the provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui and Sichuan were restored. Pingyuan and Chahar were split into their surrounding provinces. Nanjing, the old capital of the Republic of China, was deprived of its municipality status and annexed by Jiangsu province. In 1953, Changchun and Harbin were elevated to municipality status.
In 1954, a massive campaign to cut the number of provincial-level divisions was initiated. Of the 14 municipalities existing in 1953, 11 were annexed by nearby provinces, with only Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin remaining. The province of Liaoning was formed out of the merger of Liaodong and Liaoxi, while Songjiang, Suiyuan and Ningxia disappeared into Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Gansu, respectively.
The greater administrative area level was abolished in 1954.
The process continued in 1955 with Rehe being split among Hebei, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia, and Xikang disappearing into Sichuan. In that same year Xinjiang became the second autonomous region of China, and plans for a third, Tibet Autonomous Region, were initiated. Qamdo territory was put under the planned Tibet Autonomous Region.
In 1957 two more autonomous regions were added, Ningxia (split back out of Gansu) and Guangxi (which was previously a province). In 1958 Tianjin was annexed by Hebei, leaving only two municipalities, Beijing and Shanghai. During the Great Leap Forward, townships were abolished and people's communes were introduced.
1960s and 1970s
In 1965 Tibet Autonomous Region was established out of the formerly self-governing Tibet Area, as well as the Qamdo Territory. In 1967 Tianjin was split back out as a municipality.
1980s, 1990s and 2000s
Starting in the 1980s, prefecture-level cities and county-level cities began to appear in very large numbers, usually by replacing entire prefectures and counties. People's communes ceased to exist due to the 1982 constitution and were replaced by townships.[1] Hainan and some other islands were split out of Guangdong and set up as a Hainan Province in 1988.
In 1997 Chongqing became the fourth municipality of China. In that same year Hong Kong reverted to Chinese rule and became the first special administrative region. Macau became the second in 1999.
In the 1990s, there was a campaign to abolish district public offices as a level. By 2004 very few remained.
In the meantime, most prefectures have become prefecture-level cities.
List of all provincial-level divisions since 1949
abolished present claimed
Greater Administrative Areas | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Simplified Hanzi |
Traditional Hanzi |
Pinyin | Translation | Capital | Simplified Hanzi |
Traditional Hanzi |
Notes | |
Huabei | 华北 | 華北 | Huáběi | "North China" | Beijing | 北京 | 北京 | 1949–1954 | |
Dongbei | 东北 | 東北 | Dōngběi | "Northeast" | Shenyang | 沈阳 | 瀋陽 | 1949–1954 | |
Huadong | 华东 | 華東 | Huádōng | "East China" | Shanghai | 上海 | 上海 | 1949–1954 | |
Zhongnan | 中南 | 中南 | Zhōngnán | "South Central" | Wuhan | 武汉 | 武漢 | 1949–1954 | |
Xibei | 西北 | 西北 | Xīběi | "Northwest" | Xi'an | 西安 | 西安 | 1949–1954 | |
Xinan | 西南 | 西南 | Xīnán | "Southwest" | Chongqing | 重庆 | 重慶 | 1949–1954 | |
Name | Simplified Hanzi |
Traditional Hanzi |
Pinyin | Abbreviation | Capital | Simplified Hanzi |
Traditional Hanzi |
GAA | Note |
Provinces | |||||||||
Andong | 安东 | 安東 | Āndōng | 安 ān | Tonghua | 通化 | 通化 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Liaodong, Jilin |
Anhui | 安徽 | 安徽 | Ānhuī | 皖 wǎn | Hefei | 合肥 | 合肥 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Wanbei, Wannan; 1952 reverted |
Chahar | 察哈尔 | 察哈爾 | Cháhā'ěr | 察 chá | Zhangjiakou | 张家口 | 張家口 | Huabei | 1952 abolished → Inner Mongolia, Hebei |
Fujian | 福建 | 福建 | Fújiàn | 闽 mǐn | Fuzhou | 福州 | 福州 | Huadong | The majority of Fujian is controlled by the PRC, while the ROC still retains control of Kinmen, Wuqiu and Matsu Islands under its Fujian Province |
Gansu | 甘肃 | 甘肅 | Gānsù | 甘 gān | Lanzhou | 兰州 | 蘭州 | Xibei | 1958 Ningxia split into its own autonomous region |
Guangdong | 广东 | 廣東 | Guǎngdōng | 粤 yuè | Guangzhou | 广州 | 廣州 | Zhongnan | 1952 & 1965 Fangchenggang, Qinzhou, Beihai → Guangxi; 1955 reverted 1988 Hainan split into its own province |
Guangxi | 广西 | 廣西 | Guǎngxī | 桂 guì | Nanning | 南宁 | 南寧 | Zhongnan | 1958 province → autonomous region |
Guizhou | 贵州 | 貴州 | Guìzhōu | 黔 qián | Guiyang | 贵阳 | 貴陽 | Xinan | |
Hainan | 海南 | 海南 | Hǎinán | 琼 qióng | Haikou | 海口 | 海口 | Zhongnan | |
Hebei | 河北 | 河北 | Héběi | 冀 jì | Baoding (49-54; 67–68) Tianjin (54-67) Shijiazhuang (present) |
保定 天津 石家庄 |
保定 天津 石家莊 |
Huabei | 1967 Tianjin split into its own municipality |
Hejiang | 合江 | 合江 | Héjiāng | 合 hé | Jiamusi | 佳木斯 | 佳木斯 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Heilongjiang |
Heilongjiang | 黑龙江 | 黑龍江 | Hēilóngjiāng | 黑 hēi | Qiqihar (49-54) Harbin (present) |
齐齐哈尔 哈尔滨 |
齊齊哈爾 哈爾濱 |
Dongbei | 1952 part of Xing'an split into Inner Mongolia |
Henan | 河南 | 河南 | Hénán | 豫 yù | Kaifeng (49-54) Zhengzhou (present) |
开封 郑州 |
開封 鄭州 |
Zhongnan | |
Hubei | 湖北 | 湖北 | Húběi | 鄂 è | Wuhan | 武汉 | 武漢 | Zhongnan | |
Hunan | 湖南 | 湖南 | Húnán | 湘 xiāng | Changsha | 长沙 | 長沙 | Zhongnan | |
Jiangsu | 江苏 | 江蘇 | Jiāngsū | 苏 sū | Nanjing | 南京 | 南京 | Huadong | 1949 abolished → Subei, Sunan; 1952 reverted |
Jiangxi | 江西 | 江西 | Jiāngxī | 赣 gàn | Nanchang | 南昌 | 南昌 | Huadong | |
Jilin | 吉林 | 吉林 | Jílín | 吉 jí | Jilin (49-54) Changchun (present) |
吉林 长春 |
吉林 長春 |
Dongbei | 1952 north part split into Inner Mongolia |
Liaobei | 辽北 | 遼北 | Liáoběi | 洮 táo | Liaoyuan | 辽源 | 遼源 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Jilin, Liaoning |
Liaodong | 辽东 | 遼東 | Liáodōng | 关 guān | Dandong | 丹东 | 丹東 | Dongbei | 1954 abolished → Liaoning |
Liaoning | 辽宁 | 遼寧 | Liáoníng | 辽 liáo | Shenyang | 沈阳 | 瀋陽 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Liaodong, Liaoxi; 1954 reverted 1952 north part split into Inner Mongolia |
Liaoxi | 辽西 | 遼西 | Liáoxī | 辽 liáo | Jinzhou | 锦州 | 錦州 | Dongbei | 1954 abolished → Liaoning |
Nenjiang | 嫩江 | 嫩江 | Nènjiāng | 嫩 nèn | Qiqihar | 齐齐哈尔 | 齊齊哈爾 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Heilongjiang |
Ningxia | 宁夏 | 寧夏 | Níngxià | 宁 níng | Yinchuan | 银川 | 銀川 | Xibei | 1954 province → Gansu |
Mudanjiang | 牡丹江 | 牡丹江 | Mǔdānjiāng | 丹 dān | Mudanjiang | 牡丹江 | 牡丹江 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Heilongjiang |
Pingyuan | 平原 | 平原 | Píngyuán | 平 píng | Xinxiang | 新乡 | 新鄉 | Zhongnan | 1952 abolished → Henan, Shandong |
Qinghai | 青海 | 青海 | Qīnghǎi | 青 qīng | Xining | 西宁 | 西寧 | Xibei | |
Rehe | 热河 | 热河 | Rèhé | 热 rè | Chengde | 承德 | 承德 | Dongbei | 1955 abolished → Inner Mongolia, & Liaoning |
Sichuan | 四川 | 四川 | Sìchuān | 川 chuān | Chengdu | 成都 | 成都 | Xinan | 1949 abolished → Chuanbei, Chuandong, Chuannan, Chuanxi; 1952 reverted 1997 Chongqing split into its own municipality |
Shaanxi | 陕西 | 陕西 | Shǎnxī | 陕 shǎn | Xi'an | 西安 | 西安 | Xibei | |
Shandong | 山东 | 山東 | Shāndōng | 鲁 lǔ | Jinan | 济南 | 濟南 | Huadong | |
Shanxi | 山西 | 山西 | Shānxī | 晋 jìn | Taiyuan | 太原 | 太原 | Huabei | |
Songjiang | 松江 | 松江 | Sōngjiāng | 松 sōng | Harbin | 哈尔滨 | 哈爾濱 | Dongbei | 1954 abolished → Heilongjiang |
Suiyuan | 绥远 | 綏遠 | Suíyuǎn | 绥 suí | Hohhot | 呼和浩特 | 呼和浩特 | Huabei | 1954 abolished → Inner Mongolia |
Taiwan | 台湾 | 臺灣 | Táiwān | 台 tái | Taipei | 台北 | 臺北 | Huadong | claimed since 1949 the founding of the PRC; it has not been governed by the PRC since its founding |
Xikang | 西康 | 西康 | Xīkāng | 康 kāng | Kangding (49-50) Ya'an (50-55) |
康定 雅安 |
康定 雅安 |
Xinan | 1955 abolished → Sichuan & Qamdo |
Xing'an | 兴安 | 興安 | Xīkāng | 兴 xīng | Hulunbuir | 呼伦贝尔 | 呼倫貝爾 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Heilongjiang |
Xinjiang | 新疆 | 新疆 | Xīnjiāng | 疆 jiāng | Ürümqi | 乌鲁木齐 | 烏魯木齊 | Xibei | 1955 province → autonomous region |
Yunnan | 云南 | 雲南 | Yúnnán | 滇 diān | Kunming | 昆明 | 昆明 | Xinan | |
Zhejiang | 浙江 | 浙江 | Zhèjiāng | 浙 zhè | Hangzhou | 杭州 | 杭州 | Huadong | |
Autonomous Regions | |||||||||
Alxa Khoshut Banner → Alxa | 阿拉善和硕特旗→阿拉善 | 阿拉善和碩特旗→阿拉善 | Ālāshàn | 阿 ā | Bayanhot | 巴彥浩特 | 巴彥浩特 | Huabei | 1954 merge into Inner Mongolia |
Ejin | 额济纳 | 額濟納 | Éjìnà | 额 é | Dalainhob | 达拉呼布 | 達拉呼布 | Huabei | 1954 merge into Inner Mongolia |
Guangxi | 广西 | 廣西 | Guǎngxī | 桂 guì | Nanning | 南宁 | 南寧 | Zhongnan | 1958 province → autonomous region |
Inner Mongolia | 内蒙古 | 內蒙古 | Nèi Měnggǔ | 蒙 měng | Ulaanhot (47-50) Hohhot (present) |
乌兰浩特 呼和浩特 |
烏蘭浩特 呼和浩特 |
Huabei | 1947 created; 1969 truncated → Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Gansu, Ningxia; 1979 reverted |
Ningxia | 宁夏 | 寧夏 | Níngxià | 宁 níng | Yinchuan | 银川 | 銀川 | Xibei | 1958 special region → autonomous region |
Tibet | 西藏 | 西藏 | Xīzàng | 藏 zàng | Lhasa | 拉萨 | 拉薩 | Xinan | 1965 region → autonomous region |
Xinjiang | 新疆 | 新疆 | Xīnjiāng | 疆 jiāng | Ürümqi | 乌鲁木齐 | 烏魯木齊 | Xibei | 1955 province → autonomous region |
Municipalities | |||||||||
Anshan | 鞍山 | 鞍山 | Ānshān | 鞍 ān | Tiedong District | 铁东区 | 鐵東區 | Dongbei | 1954 abolished → Liaoning |
Beijing | 北京 | 北京 | Běijīng | 京 jīng | Dongcheng District | 东城区 | 東城區 | Huabei | |
Benxi | 本溪 | 本溪 | Běnxī | 本 běn | Pingshan District | 平山区 | 平山區 | Dongbei | 1954 abolished → Liaoning |
Changchun | 长春 | 長春 | Chángchūn | 春 chūn | Nanguan District | 南关区 | 南關區 | Dongbei | 1953 created; 1954 abolished → Jilin |
Chongqing | 重庆 | 重慶 | Chóngqìng | 渝 yú | Yuzhong District | 渝中区 | 渝中區 | Xinan | 1954 abolished → Sichuan; 1997 reverted |
Dalian → Lüda | 大连→旅大 | 大連→旅大 | Dàlián | 连 lián | Xigang District | 西岗区 | 西崗區 | Dongbei | 1949 abolished → Luda, 1950 reverted, 1954 abolished → Liaoning |
Fushun | 抚顺 | 撫順 | Fǔshùn | 抚 fǔ | Shuncheng District | 顺城区 | 順城區 | Dongbei | 1954 abolished → Liaoning |
Harbin | 哈尔滨 | 哈爾濱 | Hārbīn | 哈 hā | Nangang District | 南岗区 | 南崗區 | Dongbei | 1953 created, 1954 abolished → Heilongjiang |
Guangzhou | 广州 | 廣州 | Guǎngzhōu | 穗 suì | Yuexiu District | 越秀区 | 越秀區 | Zhongnan | 1954 abolished → Guangdong |
Nanjing | 南京 | 南京 | Nánjīng | 宁 níng | Xuanwu District | 宣武区 | 宣武區 | Huadong | 1952 abolished → Jiangsu |
Shanghai | 上海 | 上海 | Shànghǎi | 沪 hù | Huangpu District | 黄浦区 | 黃浦區 | Huadong | |
Shenyang | 沈阳 | 瀋陽 | Shěnyáng | 沈 shěn | Shenhe District | 沈河区 | 瀋河區 | Dongbei | 1954 abolished → Liaoning |
Tianjin | 天津 | 天津 | Tiānjīn | 津 jīn | Heping District | 和平区 | 和平區 | Huabei | 1954 abolished → Hebei, 1967 reverted |
Hankou → Wuhan | 汉口→武汉 | 漢口→武漢 | Wǔhàn | 汉 hàn | Jiang'an District | 江岸区 | 江岸區 | Zhongnan | 1949 abolished → Hubei |
Xi'an | 西安 | 西安 | Xī'ān | 镐 hào | Weiyang District | 未央区 | 未央區 | Xibei | 1954 abolished → Shaanxi |
Special Administrative Regions | |||||||||
Hainan | 海南 | 海南 | Hǎinán | 琼 qióng | Haikou | 海口 | 海口 | Zhongnan | 1949 abolished → Guangdong |
Hong Kong | 香港 | 香港 | Xiānggǎng | 港 gǎng | Hong Kong | 香港 | 香港 | Zhongnan | 1997 created (Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong) |
Macau | 澳门 | 澳門 | Àomén | 澳 ào | Macau | 澳门 | 澳門 | Zhongnan | 1999 created (Transfer of sovereignty over Macau) |
Administrative Territories | |||||||||
Chuanbei | 川北 | 川北 | Chuānběi | 充 chōng | Nanchong | 南充 | 南充 | Xinan | 1950 created; 1952 abolished → Sichuan |
Chuandong | 川东 | 川東 | Chuāndōng | 渝 yú | Chongqing | 重庆 | 重慶 | Xinan | 1950 created; 1952 abolished → Sichuan |
Chuannan | 川南 | 川南 | Chuānnán | 泸 lú | Luzhou | 泸州 | 瀘州 | Xinan | 1950 created; 1952 abolished → Sichuan |
Chuanxi | 川西 | 川西 | Chuānxī | 蓉 róng | Chengdu | 成都 | 成都 | Xinan | 1950 created; 1952 abolished → Sichuan |
Subei | 苏北 | 蘇北 | Sūběi | 扬 yáng | Yangzhou | 扬州 | 揚州 | Huadong | 1949 created; 1952 abolished → Jiangsu |
Sunan | 苏南 | 蘇南 | Sūnán | 锡 xī | Wuxi | 无锡 | 無錫 | Huadong | 1949 created; 1952 abolished → Jiangsu |
Wanbei | 皖北 | 皖北 | Wǎnběi | 合 hé | Hefei | 合肥 | 合肥 | Huadong | 1949 created; 1952 abolished → Anhui |
Wannan | 皖南 | 皖南 | Wǎnnán | 芜 wú | Wuhu | 芜湖 | 蕪湖 | Huadong | 1949 created; 1952 abolished → Anhui |
Lüda | 旅大 | 旅大 | Lǚdà | 旅 Lǚ | Dalian | 大连 | 大連 | Dongbei | 1949 created; 1950 abolished → Dalian |
Regions | |||||||||
Tibet | 西藏 | 西藏 | Xīzàng | 藏 zàng | Lhasa | 拉萨 | 拉薩 | Xinan | 1965 region → autonomous region |
Territories | |||||||||
Qamdo | 昌都 | 昌都 | Chāngdū | 昌 chāng | Qamdo | 昌都 | 昌都 | Xinan | 1965 merge into Tibet |
See also
References
- ^ Shue, Vivienne (1984). "The Fate of the Commune". Modern China. 10 (3): 259–283. ISSN 0097-7004. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
External links
- Summary of terms
- Historical map scans - maps of various sheng, dao, fu, ting, and xian of the late Qing era.
- The province in history by John Fitzgerald