Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon

Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon
Part of the Lebanese Civil War
Date 1978-1991 Location Lebanon Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
Lebanese Forces Kataeb Regulatory Forces Tigers Militia Guardians of the Cedars Al-Tanzim Lebanese Youth Movement South Lebanon Army Supported by  Israel	Marada Brigade Free Tigers Lebanese Forces – Executive Command Eagles of the Whirlwind Popular Guard Pro-Hrawi Faction of the Lebanese Army (1989–1991) Supported by:  Syria Lebanese National Resistance Front Palestinian National Salvation Front
Commanders and leaders
Bashir Gemayel † Samir Geagea Karim Pakradouni Elie Hobeika (1978-1985) Boutros Khawand Dany Chamoun † Etienne Sakr Saad Haddad † Antoine Lahad Aql Hashem Ariel Sharon	Tony Franjieh † Robert Franjieh Suleiman Franjieh. JR Elias el-Hannouche Elie Hobeika (1986-1991) Georges Melko Maroun Machahalani Michel Zouen Asaad Hardan Georges Hawi Elias Atallah Elias Hrawi Salim al-Hoss Émile Lahoud Élie Hayek René Moawad X Hafez al-Assad

Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon were sub-conflicts between Christian or secular militias but heavily composed of Christians during the Lebanese Civil War. It involves Phoenicianist Christian forces against pro-Syrian right-wing Christian forces, secular and left-wing Christian forces.

History

In 1977, relations within the Lebanese Front became strained between the Lebanese Phalanges and its close allies in the Marada Movement. This follows a decision by the Phalanges to try to ally with Israel, which the Maradas, long-time allies of Syria and anti-Zionists, categorically refuse.^[1]

It was then that regular clashes between the phalanges of Bachir Gemayel and the Marada Brigade were reported. This separation within the Lebanese Front poisons relations with former allies, notably the Kataeb, who try to encroach on the areas held by the maradas, which will lead to the death of Joud al-Bayeh, assassinated by several maradas, and will lead to in June of that same year, 1978, a FL raid on Zghorta and Ehden, strongholds of the Marada. The initial plan, ordered by Bashir Gemayel, was to arrest those who had murdered al-Bayeh. It was known that they were hiding in Frangié's summer residence in Ehden, but apparently degenerated in the heat of the moment, Tony Frangieh, his wife Vera and his daughter Jihane as well as 35 people were killed during this surprise attack. against 10 FL fighters. This event is known as the Ehden massacre.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

This massacre prompted the maradas and the Frangieh family to ally themselves with the Lebanese enemies of the Lebanese Phalanges, notably the Lebanese National Movement. In retaliation, around a hundred Phalangists were massacred by the maradas in the following days and the others forced to flee or hide, another intervention led to the Qaa massacre,^[7] carried out by the Syrian armed forces on the orders of Rifaat el-Assad, with the aim of avenging Tony Frangieh.^[8]

During the same period, Bachir Gemayel tried to forcefully integrate the Christian militias into the Lebanese Forces (FL) by abolishing the old militias. As a result, this policy led to inter-Christian massacres until 1980, when Dany Chamoun's Tiger Militia was forcibly integrated into the FL. This will also give rise to the Free Tigers, who do not accept integration within the LF. The Free Tigers repeatedly attacked American representations in Lebanon to discredit the LF and were protected by the Syrian army.

At the same time, the organization of the Eagles of the Whirlwind (composed of many Orthodox and Maronite Christians with a strong Shiite Muslim component) linked to the secular Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) was organized following the invasion of Lebanon by the Israeli troops via the south of the country. It is at this precise moment that the Lebanese National Resistance Front replaces the Lebanese National Movement, of which the SSNP and then the Marada Brigade will integrate.

The September 14, 1982 Habib Shartouni, a pro-Syrian social-nationalist activist of the Maronite faith, detonated his homemade bomb located in his sister's apartment, killing Bachir Gemayel and 25 other Phalangists.^[9] The motive for the attack was the open collaboration between the Lebanese Phalanges and Israel.

Subsequently, the Lebanese Phalanges were led by Fadi Frem then by Fouad Abou Nader between 1982 and 1985, the forces were generally unified, until the ousting of Abou Nader and the taking of office of Elie Hobeika. On March 12, 1985, Samir Geagea, Elie Hobeika and Karim Pakradouni rebelled against the command of Abu Nader, apparently to return the Lebanese Forces to their original path. Elie Hobeika then takes charge of the FL. However, relations with Samir Geagea became strained, Hobeika moved closer to the Syrians and ended up signing a tripartite agreement sponsored by Syria and aimed at ending the Lebanese civil war.

In December 1985, Hobeika signed on behalf of the LF an agreement with the Syrian government, the Druze Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) led by Walid Jumblatt and the Shiite Muslim Amal movement led by Nabih Berri, known as the Tripartite Agreement. One of the cornerstones of the agreement was the dismantling of Lebanese militias of all factions. He also planned to initiate political changes that would end sectarian domination over the Lebanese parliament and army.^[10]

Within the LF, there has been dispute over whether to maintain ties with Israel and how to respond to Syrian-sponsored negotiations to end the fighting. Hobeika was opposed to retaining existing ties with Israel. In October 1985, while negotiations were underway, skirmishes took place between Geagea's supporters and Hobeika's supporters, where Hobeika's supporters attempted to bribe Geagea's supporters to betray Geagea. Samir Geagea and President Amine Gemayel decided not to accept the tripartite agreement and Geagea's LF attacked Hobeika's supporters, with the aim of carrying out an internal coup within the LF in favor. What they managed to do in January 1986 with the expulsion of Hobeika and the creation of the dissident formation of the Lebanese Forces – Executive Command which allied itself with the Syrian armed forces.

References

This page was last edited on 18 April 2024, at 17:54