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Jellyfish stings in Australia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Irukandji Jellyfish is tiny, but very venomous.
A signpost warns swimmers of the presence of Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish)
A signpost warns swimmers of the presence of Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish)

Jellyfish stings in Australia can cause pain, paralysis and death for swimmers with exposed skin. Numerous venomous species of jellyfish occur in Australian waters, including the box jellyfish and Irukandji Jellyfish. Box jellyfish are believed to have caused at least 69 deaths since record keeping began in 1883.[1][2] Although they are commonly mistaken for jellyfish, bluebottles are actually siphonophores.

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Transcription

Hey it's me Destin and welcome back to Smarter Every Day. If you've ever been stung by a jellyfish you know that it's awful, lemme show you. So there's two ways that an animal can harm a human chemically right? The first one is poison. We know what that is, like if I were to eat this jellyfish and it was poisonous and I were to get sick it's because it is a poisonous animal right? Now venom is different. Venom is injected into your body. So it's kind of like these hypodermic needles. If you fill them up with venom and then you were to take that and inject that into your arm, that would be a venomous way of causing pain to your body right? So wouldn't it be crazy if there was like hypodermic needles built into their tentacles and they could just stab you with them as soon as they rubbed up against you. Because that's exactly what happens. Jellyfish tentacles have organelles in them called nematocysts. They're like little hypodermic needles, and when you're swimming, and those hypodermic needles brush up against your body, they stab into you and inject venom. It's insane. People have never seen these because they're so small you have to have a microscope and they're so fast that you have to use a high speed camera. So now that we've rounded these two things up, where do we find our jellyfish? Check it out. I'm at James Cook University in Australia, in Cairns, and here's the deal. I've got the doctor here that's the world expert in animal venom. It's pretty cool, let's go check it out. His name is Dr Jamie Seymour. So we have a high speed camera here, and we're running HD-SDI video out, and then Richard is recording it realtime, and then Dr Seymour here is gonna try to trigger a nematocyst, correct? - Correct. - And then once you trigger it we're gonna try to catch it on high speed. - Yep. If you look at an anenome, we've just taken this out of an anenome, and if you poke it in the side.. (Destin) So this isn't a jellyfish. - Well it's related to jellyfish. - Close enough. OK. I told everybody wrong, I said we're gonna look at a jellyfish sting.. - It's the same thing! It's the same process! - Oh is it? - That's like saying "OK we're gonna work out how a bullet works today, here's an AK-47" and then if I walk in with a Glock, it's the same process. - You are speaking my language Australia man! [laugh] - See there you go. (Destin) So we're still not exactly sure what causes the nematocyst to fire, but what we do know is if we touch two leads from a 9 volt battery to the tentacle itself we can get some of them to randomly fire, which allows us to record it with a phantom high speed camera. - Trigger it, trigger, trigger, trigger! - Here it goes! [music] (Destin) How long have you been trying to capture that? - Oh we could do it for a fair number of years but we never had the camera technology to actually do it at this level before. The nematocyst, which is a cell organelle, so it's inside a cell, which is a ball with a wound-up hypodermic needle in it. And we saw it basically discharge, so.. (Destin) And the needle was not rigid necessarily. - That's correct. Think of it like a garden hose under no pressure, and then when you apply pressure to it, the whole thing straightens out. - Got it. - So what we saw there, it's the whole thing fired off. You got some sort of idea of how quick that was, but the thing that blew me away was the time lag from when the thing discharged, till when we saw the venom. - Yeah it was like a third of a second. - Yeah. We've never seen that before. I mean we've seen venom come out the end of these things, we've never seen that delay, but we've never looked for it. - You're digging this aren't you? - Oh this is cool. This is like.. real science. This is the sort of stuff I get up in the morning for. - Are you implying that I don't do real science? - Oh but no, you do the same thing. There are times you get up in the morning, I'm sure, and you just go "I so want to go to work today because I'm gonna find out something new". - Right. -Isn't that why you do it? - Right, it is. - I mean, seriously I.. I would do this stuff for free. It's the joy of actually coming in and going "I just saw something that nobody else in the world has ever seen before". - [inaudible] some fish - Yeah but... But then you can teach people about it. - That's right, yeah. - And that's.. ah. Look I've got goose bumps all over me just from that sort of thing. It's just.. It's great. It's exactly why I do this sort of stuff. - Alright, well thank you very much. That's Dr Seymour. Venomologist? - Toxinologist! - Toxinologist. [laugh] - Oh man! - I'm never gonna get it right. So from now on when you think about jellyfish I hope you don't think about just slimy tentacles dragging poison on your skin. It's actually an organelle called a nematocyst containing the venom that takes it and actually shoves it. Oohoo. Into your body, and then injects the venom.. I'm just kidding. I didn't actually squirt that in me, but.. That's pretty intense. I hope I didn't ruin the beach for you. The people at James Cook University asked me if I would inform you that they are looking for undergrad and grad students. They need people to help them figure out how to solve the box jelly venom mystery. It's a cardiotoxin. It kills the heart but they don't really know how or why. So if you're interested in studying, go to James Cook University. I think their motto is like "The explorers of the tropics", which is pretty cool. Anyway, I'm Destin. Go check em out. Have a good one. - Big box jellyfish things have got 800,000 of those things per square centimeter. - Really? - That's how small they are. - Not only do you get to learn about the animals but we physically put you in the lab and give you venom, and go "Here, here's some rattlesnake venom or some box jellyfish venom or some other venom" and you get to use it on heart cells or blood and things of that nature, and actually physically see the venom doing its thing there and then. Not too many other subjects allow you to do that, for a whole variety of reasons. - So is this unique to James Cook University? - Absolutely. - Yeah, did you.. and you started it. - Yeah. - That's pretty cool. - It is. - A little pride in that huh? - Just.. A lot. [laugh]

Numbers of stings

Irukandji are rarely found outside Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Between 1985 and 1997 from cases of Irukandji sting where location was recorded, there were 83.4% in Queensland, 9.1% in the Northern Territory, and 7.5% in Western Australia; 81.5% of cases occurred in the afternoon.[3] In a fourteen-year period there were 660 Irukandji stings in Australia, which were recorded by Dr Fenner, a medical officer with Surf Lifesaving Australia.[4] There were 159 Irukandji stings reported in Broome in a five-year period with 25% of those stung being hospitalised but no recorded deaths.[5] There were 62 people reported being stung by Irukandji in Cairns in 1996; of these more than half occurred in December, 92% were stung on hotter than average days, with 63% occurring while swimming inside a stinger net enclosure on the beach.[6] In summer 2001–02 there were 160 people stung by the middle of February, with around 100 of these in Cairns, and between 10 and 20 in Townsville, the Whitsundays, Great Keppel and Agnes Water.[7]

Northern Territory hospitals report approximately 40 jellyfish stings annually.[8]

List of fatal stings

This is a list of fatal jellyfish stings that occurred in Australian territorial waters by decade in reverse chronological order.

21st century

Name Age Year Month Species State or Territory Location; Comments
Unnamed boy 14 2022 February Chironex Fleckeri Queensland Eimeo Beach, Mackay.
Unnamed boy 17 2021 February Chironex fleckeri Queensland Cape York. Patterson Point, near Bamaga.
Unnamed victims 74 and 76 2016 November Irukandji (suspected, not confirmed) Queensland Michelmas Cay. Two French tourists died within 10 minutes of each other. Hypothesis formed by cardiologist. Dismissed as speculation by tour operator.[9]
Unnamed boy 6 2007 November Chironex fleckeri Northern Territory [8]
Unnamed girl 7 2006 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Umagico Beach near Bamaga.[10]
Unnamed boy 7 2003 March Chironex fleckeri Queensland Wongaling Beach near Cairns,[2] stung on chest and neck. Allegedly the 68th person in Australia known to have died from a chironex fleckeri sting since records began in 1883.[11]
Unnamed male 44 2002 April Queensland Port Douglas[12][11][13]
Unnamed male 58 2002 January Irukandji Queensland Hamilton Island, Whitsunday Islands [12][13]
Unnamed boy 5 2000 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Yarrabah, near Cairns[11]

20th century

Name Age Year Month Species State or Territory Location; Comments
Unnamed boy 5 1987 January box jellyfish [14]
Unnamed boy 6 1984 January box jellyfish Queensland Lockhart River, 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of Cooktown.[15]
Unnamed boy 5 1980 December Queensland Wongaling, near Tully. Animals were observed by victim's older brother.[16]
Unnamed woman 26[16] 1971 November Queensland North Mission Beach. Investigated by Dr J. S. Barnes of Cairns.[17]
Gregory Noel Jarrot 12 1971 January Queensland Seaforth Beach, 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Mackay.[18]
Terence Barney 5 1965 January Queensland Mornington Island, Gulf of Carpentaria. Aboriginal boy was pronounced DOA at hospital.[19]
Paul Haritos 6 1964 Chironex fleckeri Northern Territory Mica Beach, four miles from Darwin. Victim was standing in calf-deep water. Collapsed instantly and died quickly.[20]
Unnamed girl 1963-64 Chironex fleckeri Queensland Occurred "a few months earlier" than the Paul Haritos incident.[20]
Lynette Mary Starkey 11 1957 Queensland North Mission Beach, Queensland.[21] Stung on the legs while bathing with other children in shallow water. Collapsed on the beach and died. Weals visible on her legs.[22]
Unnamed boy 1955 box jellyfish or sea wasp[23] Queensland Cardwell[14]
Clarke William Currow 8 1954 February Northern Territory Darwin, close to Larrakeyah army barracks, three yards from shore.[24][25] Died a few minutes after being stung.[26][27]
James Ernest Lane 33 1953 July box jellyfish (definitely not a Portuguese Man o' War) Queensland Saltwater Creek, Townsville.[14][28][29][30] Victim experienced severe pain, paralysis and frothing at the mouth.[31]
Unnamed victim 1951 box jellyfish Queensland Kissing Point Baths, Townsville[14]
Wojcik Czestaw 31 1950 Chironex fleckeri Northern Territory Mindil Beach, Darwin.[32] Died within minutes of being stung. Specimen was collected and identified by Frank McNeill, curator of invertebrates at the Australian Museum. Victim's name was also reported as Wokeik (rather than Wojcik).[33]
Brian Andrew McNamara 10 1949 December box jellyfish Queensland North Mission Beach near Tully.[14][34][35][36][21]
Unnamed man 1944 January sea wasp[37] Northern Territory Victim was a serviceman.[38]
Robert Ernest Day 8 1941 Queensland Rowe's Bay, Townsville.[39] Boy died en route to hospital.[39]
Unnamed boy 1939 Chironex fleckeri Queensland Googarra and Proserpine.[14][40]
Thomas "Tommy" Frederick Chandler 11 1938 March sea wasp[37] Northern Territory Lameroo Beach, Darwin. Government baths. Stung on chest, body and face.[41] Jellyfish specimen was collected for analysis.[42] Victim's name was also reported as Robert Chandler.[43] Chandler died 15–20 minutes after being stung.[44] A boy called Bennie Babun who went to his rescue was also stung and hospitalised.[45] Others stung during prior fortnight were treated with morphine.[46]
David William Taylor 19 1937 box jellyfish Queensland Bramston Beach near Babinda, Cairns.[14] Stung while in waist-deep water. Assisted from the water by George Giffin but collapsed and died thereafter.[47]
Salvatore Cantarella 1934 box jellyfish[citation needed] Queensland Googarra Beach, near Tully.[14][48][49][50] Marks on right leg and left foot. Believed to have died of shock and heart failure after the sting. Post-mortem conducted by Dr. A. R. Townsend.[51]
Maurice Woods 7 1930 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Magnetic Island, near Townsville.[52]
"Mr. Mann" 1923 February Chironex fleckeri Queensland Proserpine[14][53][54]
Charles Trenaman 15 1916 March Chironex fleckeri Queensland Rowes Bay, near Townsville[55] Stung on neck, body, shoulder and legs. Died about 10 minutes later from "nerve shock from pain".[55]
Albert George 1911 May Queensland Cannon Valley beach, Pioneer Bay, near Mackay.[56][57][58] Arms attached to the boy's belly, torso and arms. Victim lost consciousness and died within half an hour.[59] Open bathing at this location was prohibited after this second death within 6 months.[60]
Gould 1910-11 Queensland Occurred during Christmas holiday period. Cannon Valley beach, Pioneer Bay, near Mackay.[58]

19th century

Name Age Year Month Species State or Territory Location; Comments
Fred Harwood 14 1892 November Chironex fleckeri Northern Territory Sea baths, Darwin[61][62]
Unnamed victim 1885 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Townsville [63]
Frederick William Smith 11 1884 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland Ross Creek, Townsville[64][14]
Unnamed victim 8 1879 c. April Chironex fleckeri Queensland Cleveland Bay, Townsville [65]

See also

References

  1. ^ Chironex fleckeri (Box Jellyfish) Archived 9 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine NT Dept. of health and community services
  2. ^ a b Boy's death from box jellyfish 'avoidable', says expert SMH, 24 March 2003
  3. ^ Irukandji stings 1985/97 Marine Medic
  4. ^ Australian Jellyfish Archived 25 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Port Douglas
  5. ^ Irukandji At Broome Beaches Kimberley Australia travel guide
  6. ^ A year's experience of Irukandji envenomation in far north Queensland Medical Journal of Australia, Mark Little and Richard F Mulcahy
  7. ^ Stinging Jellyfish in tropical Australia Archived 19 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Reef Research Centre
  8. ^ a b Government, Northern Territory (12 May 2016). "Jellyfish". nt.gov.au. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  9. ^ "French tourists likely to have been stung by Irukandji jellyfish: cardiologist". ABC News. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  10. ^ Lifesavers sound warning after jellyfish death ABC News, Lifesavers sound warning after jellyfish death
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External links

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