Lineage (anthropology)

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Anthropology of kinship
Basic concepts Family Lineage Affinity Consanguinity Marriage Incest taboo Endogamy Exogamy Moiety Monogamy Polygyny Polygamy Concubinage Polyandry Bride price Bride service Dowry Parallel / cross cousins Cousin marriage Levirate Sororate Posthumous marriage Joking relationship Clan Cohabitation Fictive / Milk / Nurture kinship Descent Cognatic / Bilateral Matrilateral Lineal Collateral House society Avunculate Linealities Ambilineality Unilineality Matrilineality Patrilineality Household forms and residence Extended Matrifocal Matrilocal Neolocal Nuclear Patrilocal
Terminology Kinship terminology Classificatory terminologies By group Iroquois Crow Omaha Eskimo (Inuit) Hawaiian Sudanese Dravidian (debated)
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Major theorists Diane Bell Tom Boellstorff Jack Goody Gilbert Herdt Don Kulick Roger Lancaster Louise Lamphere Eleanor Leacock Claude Lévi-Strauss Bronisław Malinowski Margaret Mead Henrietta Moore Lewis H. Morgan Stephen O. Murray Michelle Rosaldo Gayle Rubin David M. Schneider Marilyn Strathern
Related articles Alliance theory Matrilineal / matrilocal societies Feminist anthropology Sex and Repression in Savage Society Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship "The Traffic in Women"
Social anthropology Cultural anthropology
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In anthropology, a lineage is a unilineal descent group that traces its ancestry to a demonstrably shared ancestor, known as the apical ancestor.^[1][2][3] Lineages are formed through relationships traced either exclusively through the maternal line (matrilineage), paternal line (patrilineage), or some combination of both (ambilineal).^[4] The cultural significance of matrilineal or patrilineal descent varies greatly, shaping social structures, inheritance patterns, and even rituals across societies.^[5]

Characteristics

A lineage is a descent group characterized by unilineal descent.^[1] This means that lineage membership is determined by tracing ancestry through either a single line (unilineal), either maternal or paternal,^[3] or through a combination of both lines (ambilineal).^[4] This differentiates lineages from other descent groups like clans, which may have a shared ancestor but lack the demonstrably documented or traditionally accepted apical ancestor from whom all members descend.^[6]

Types

There are three forms of lineage, Matrilineage, Patrilineage, and Ambilineal.^[4]

Matrilineage

In Matrilineage, descent is traced exclusively through the maternal line.^[7] Children inherit lineage membership from their mother, and the lineage consists of a mother, her children, and her children's children who are all matrilineally related. The Minangkabau people of Indonesia, being a Jew in the Jewish religion,^[8] and the Khasi people of India are well-known examples of societies with prominent matrilineal structures.^[9]

Patrilineage

In Patrilineage, descent is traced exclusively through the paternal line.^[10] Children inherit lineage membership from their father, and the lineage consists of a father, his children, and his children's children who are all patrilineally related.^[11] Patrilineages are more common globally, with examples found in many cultures, such as much of South East Asia.^[12][13]

Ambilineal

In Ambilineal lineage, descent is traced through mixing of both the maternal and/or the paternal lines, usually meaning that the individuals choose whether to affiliate with their mother or their father's group, or both.^[14][15] Ambilineal lineage can be bilineal or bilateral.^[16][17][18] Ambilineal lineages are relatively rare in more under-developed societies, such as South East Asia,^[4] and very common in modernized societies, such as the United States and Western Europe.^[19]

Bilineal

In Bilineal lineage (also known as double descent), children are part of both their mother and their father's groups.^[20][21][17] This results in many more people in a lineage.^[22] Examples of bilineal lineage include the Yako people of Nigeria.^[23][21]

Significance

Lineages play a large role in social organization across cultures.^[24] They influence inheritance patterns, with property and titles often passed down within the lineage.^[25] In addition, lineages often have religious significance, with one's ancestorial history often determining one's religion and position in that religion.^[26] The structure of lineages also leads to stability,^[3] social obligations, and reciprocity among members, providing support networks and a sense of shared identity.^[26][27]

See also

• Kinship terminology

References

Further reading

External links

This page was last edited on 9 May 2024, at 07:06