A historical sovereign state is a state that once existed, but has since been dissolved due to conflict, war, rebellion, annexation, or uprising. This page lists sovereign states, countries, nations, or empires that ceased to exist as political entities sometime after 1453, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.[note 1]
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States, Nations, Countries & Sovereignty
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Countries That Used To Exist Inside The United States
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What is a Sovereign State?
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Timeline of Sovereign States in Asia
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The Sovereign State
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Criteria for inclusion
The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood and either:
- had de facto control over a territory, a population, a government, a capacity to enter into relations with other states, or
- have been recognised as a state by at least one other state.
This is not a list for all variant governments of a state, nor is it a list of variations of countries' official long form name. For purposes of this list, the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Ancient and medieval states
- List of Copper Age states
- List of Bronze Age states
- List of Iron Age states
- List of Classical Age states
- List of states during Late Antiquity
- List of states during the Middle Ages
Modern states and territories by geography
Africa
Morocco (Maghreb al-Aqsa)
- Marinid Sultanate (1244–1465)
- Wattasid dynasty (1472–1549)
- Saadi Sultanate (1510–1649)
- 'Alawi dynasty (1631–1912)
Egypt, Sudan and Libya
- Kingdom of Fazughli (c. 1500–1685)
Algeria (Central Maghreb)
- Sultanate of Tuggurt (1414–1871)
- Regency of Algiers (1516–1830)
Comoro Islands
Madagascar
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Bornu Empire (c. 1380–1893)
- Wadai Empire (1501–1912)
- Kingdom of Baguirmi (1480/1522–1897)
Horn of Africa
- Medri Bahri (c. 1137–1879)
- Habr Yunis Sultanate (c. 1769–1907)
- Sultanate of the Geledi (17th century–1910)
- Kingdom of Kaffa (c. 1390–1897)
- Hadiya Sultanate (13th century–15th century)
- Welayta Kingdom (c. 1250–1894)
- Kingdom of Janjero (c.15th century–1894)
- Kingdom of Gumma (c. 1770–1902)
- Kingdom of Gomma (c. 1780– 1886)
- Kingdom of Gera (c. 1835–1887)
- Kingdom of Jimma (1790–1932)
- Ennarea (14th century–c. 1710)
- Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (1801–1891)
- Emirate of Harar (1647–1887)
- State of Somaliland (1960)
Western Africa
- Emirate of Trarza (1640–1902)
- Emirate of Tagant[citation needed]
- Emirate of Brakna[citation needed]
- Mali Empire (c. 1230–1672)
- Bamana Empire (1712–1861)
- Khasso (17th century–19th century)
- Sultanate of Agadez (1449–1900)
- Songhai Empire (c. 1340–1591)
- Mossi States
- Zabarma Emirate (1860–1897)
- Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851)
- Empire of Great Fulo (Denanke Kingdom) (1490–1776)
- Imamate of Futa Toro (1725–1861)
- Jolof Empire (1350–1549)
- Kingdom of Jolof (1549–1875)
- Kingdom of Sine (c. 1520–1867, fully disestablished 1969)
- Kingdom of Saloum (1494–1864, fully disestablished 1969)
- Kingdom of Baol (1555–1895)
- Kingdom of Cayor (1549–1879)
- Kingdom of Waalo (1287–1855)
- Bundu (1690–1858)
- Kaabu (1537–1867)
- Toucouleur Empire (1861–1890)
- Kong Empire (1710–1898)
- Kingdom of Dagbon (c. 1250–1899?)
- Bonoman (11th century–20th century)
- Gyaaman (c. 1450–1895)
- Denkyira (c. 1500–1701)
- Mankessim Kingdom (1252–1844)
- Fante Confederacy (16th century–1873)
- Kingdom of Whydah (c. 1580 – 1727)
- Oyo Empire (c. 1300–1896)
- Kingdom of Benin (1180–1897)
- Kingdom of Nri (10th century?–1911)
- Kwararafa (c. 1500 – c. 1840)
- Thomas Sankara's Burkina Faso government (1984–1987)
- People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea (1979–1984)
African Great Lakes
- Kingdom of Rwanda (11th century–1885, fully disestablished 1962)
- Kingdom of Karagwe (1450–1963) [citation needed]
Eastern Africa
- Pate Sultanate (1203–1870)
- Malindi Kingdom (9th century–15th century)
- Mombasa Sultanate (1502–1887, fully disestablished 1963)
- Kilwa Sultanate (957–1513)
- Kingdom of Maravi (c. 1480–1891)
Central Africa
- Yaka Kingdom (17th century–18th century)
- Anziku Kingdom (?–19th century)
- Kuba Kingdom (1625–1884)
- Kingdom of Luba (1585–1889)
- Kingdom of Lunda (c. 1600–1887)
- Yeke Kingdom (1856–1891)
- Kingdom of Ndongo (16th century–1671)
- Kasanje Kingdom (1620–1910)
- Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744)
- Mbunda Kingdom (1700–1914)
- Chokwe Kingdom[citation needed]
- Kazembe Kingdom (c. 1740 – 1894)
- International Association of the Congo (1879–1885)
Southern Africa
- Kingdom of Barotseland (19th century)
- Kingdom of Zimbabwe (1220–1450)
- Kingdom of Butua (1450–c. 1683)
- Rozvi Empire (1660–1889)
- Kingdom of Mthwakazi (1823–1894)
- Ndebele Kingdom
- Gaza Empire (1824–1895)
- Mthethwa Empire (c. 1780–1817)
- Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897)
- Rhodesia (1965–1979)
- Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)
- Natal (1843—1910)
Asia
Central Asia
- Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680)
- Kart dynasty (1244–1381)
- Uzbek Khanate (1428–1471)
- Nogai Horde (1440–1634)
- Kazakh Khanate (1465–1848)
- Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1785)
- Dzungar Khanate (1634–1755)
- Khanate of Kokand (1709–1868)
- Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1873)
- Alash Autonomy (1917–1918)
- Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918)
- Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920)
- Confederated Republic of Altai (1918–1920)
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
- Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
- First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934)
- Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)
East Asia
- People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934)
- Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)
- Guangzhou Commune (1927)
- Hunan Soviet (1927)
- Shun dynasty (1644–1646)
- Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949)
- Uryankhay Republic (1911–1914)
- Xi dynasty (1643–1647)
Japanese Archipelago
Korean Peninsula
- Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929–1931)
West Asia
Afghanistan
- Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan (1996)
- Islamic Emirate of Kunar (1991)
Balochistan
- Khanate of Kalat (1666–1736, 1747–1749, 1758–1955)
Anatolia
- Beylik of Bafra (14th century–1460)
- Beylik of Alaiye (1293–1471)
- Beylik of Karaman (1250–1487)
- Beylik of Dulkadir (1337–1522)
- Ramadanid Emirate (1352–1608)
- Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501)
- Kara Koyunlu (1374–1468)
- Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524)
Cyprus
- Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975–1983)
Mesopotamia
Persia / Iran
- Kar-Kiya dynasty (1370s–1592)
- Baduspanids (665–1598)
- Marashiyan dynasty (1359–1596)
- Afrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504)
- Mihrabanid dynasty (1236–1537)
- Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918–1919)
Levant
- United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
- Free Lebanon State (1979–1984)
Arabian Peninsula
South Asia
- Sur Empire (1540–1556)
- Laur Kingdom (600–1565)
- Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479)
- Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi dynasty, 1490–1686)
- Pratapgarh Kingdom (1489–1700s)
- Jaintia Kingdom (500–1835)
Southeast Asia
- In Laos:
- Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828)
- In Vietnam:
- Champa kingdom (192–1832)
- Đại Việt (968–1407/1428–1804)
- In Myanmar (Burma):
- Mon kingdoms (9th–11th, 13th–16th, 18th centuries)
- Ava (1364–1555)
- Pegu (1287–1539, 1747–1757)
- Kingdom of Mrauk U (1429–1785)
- Arakan (1287–1784)
- In Thailand:
- Langkasuka (2nd–15th century)
- Sultanate of Singora (1605–1680)
- Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (13th century–1782)
- Lan Na (1292–1775)
- Kingdom of Chiang Mai (1782–1894)
- In Indonesia:
- In Sumatra:
- Jambi Sultanate (? – late 19th century)
- Palembang Sultanate (1659–1823)
- In Java:
- Sultanate of Demak (1475–1548)
- Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586)
- In Lesser Sunda Islands
- Kingdom of Larantuka (1515–1904)
- In Sulawesi:
- Kingdom of Banggai (? – 1907)
- Kingdom of Wajoq (c. 1400–1906, fully disestablished 1957)
- In Maluku:
- In Borneo:
- Sambas Sultanate (1609–1819, fully disestablished 1956)
- Berau Sultanate[citation needed]
- Kingdom of Kutai Martadipura (399–1635)
- Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara (1300–1844)
- In Riau Islands:
- In Malaysia:
- Sultanate of Malacca (1400–1511)
- Johor Sultanate (1528–1855)
- Pahang Sultanate (1470–1623)
- In the Philippines
Europe
Nordic countries
In the Nordic countries, unions were personal, not unitary
- Kingdom of Finland (1742–1743)
- Denmark–Norway (1524–1814, intermittent)
- Kalmar Union (1397–1523, intermittent)
Modern France
Modern Germany
- West Berlin (1948–1990), Western Bloc-aligned political enclave.
- Waldeck (1180–1871)
- Free State of Bottleneck (1919–1923)
Switzerland
Italy
- Regency of Carnaro (1919–1920)
- Republic of Senarica (1343–1797)
- Transpadane Republic (1796–1797)
Modern United Kingdom
Ireland
- Airgíalla (331–1585)
- Ailech (450–1617)
- Magh Luirg (c. 956–1585)
- Kingdom of Uí Failghe (Unknown–1550)
- Irish soviets (1919–1922)
- Limerick Soviet (1919)
Benelux
Poland
- Demmin Principality (1160–1264)
- Szczecin Principality (1160–1264, 1295–1523)
- Duchy of Pomerania-Neustettin (1368–1390)
- Duchy of Poland (966–1025, 1031–1076, 1079–1138, 1138–1227)
- New Courland (1637, 1639, 1642, 1654–1659, 1660–1666, 1680–1683, 1686–1690)
Ukraine
- Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920)
- Ukrainian State (1918)
- West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919)
- Hutsul Republic (1919)
- Carpatho-Ukraine (1939)
- Ukrainian National Government (1941)
Crimea
Baltic countries and Belarus
- Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
Romania and Moldova
- Țara Litua (1247–1330)
- Voievodeship of Gelu (9th–11th century)
- Voivodeship of Maramureș (9th century–1402)
- Jupanat of Dimitrie (c. 943)
- Voivodeship of Glad (10th century)
- Voivodeship of Menumorut (9th–11th century)
- Jupanat of Gheorghe (10th century)
- Jupanat of Tatos (c. 1190)
- Jupanat of Sacea (11th century)
- Jupanat of Setslav (c. 1085)
- Banat of Severin (1228–1526)
- Voivodship of Seneslav (13th century)
- Cnezatul lui Ioan (13th century)
- Cnezatul lui Farcaș (13th century)
- Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
Russia
- Principality of Beloozero (13th–15th century)
- Principality of Yaroslavl (1218–1463)
- Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556)
- Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552)
- Qasim Khanate (1452–1681)
- Green Ukraine (1920–1922)
- Tungus Republic (1924–1925)
- State of Buryat-Mongolia (1917–1920)
- North Ingria(1919–1920)Jaxa (1665–1674)
- Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
- Russian Empire (1721–1917)
- Russian Republic (1917)
- Russian Republic (1918)
- Russian State (1918–1920)
- Supreme Administration of the Northern Region (1918)
- Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920)
- Armed Forces of South Russia (1918–1919)
- Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
- Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924)
- Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941)
- Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
- Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
- Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1936)
- Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1924)
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)
- Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1945)
- Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
- Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1990)
- Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991)
- Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)
- Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
- Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
- Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935–1943; 1957–1991)
- Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
- Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
- Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
- Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
- North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1992)
- Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1957)
- Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961–1992)
- Khakas Autonomous Oblast (1990–1991)
- Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
Hungary
Czech Republic and Slovakia
- First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)
- Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939)
- Third Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1948)
- Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1989; before 1960 as Czechoslovak Republic)
- Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)
Austria
Balkans
- In Albania:
- In Aromanian:
- In Bosnia:
- Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (1993–1995)
- In Bulgaria:
- Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908)
- In Croatia:
- In Greece:
- In Montenegro:
- In North Macedonia:
- In Serbia:
- Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)
- Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
- In Turkey:
- Despotate of Epirus (1356–1479)
- Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
Caucasus
- Kingdom of Abkhazia (778–1008)
- Elisu Sultanate (1604–1844)
- Caucasian Imamate (1828–1859)
- Samtskhe-Saatabago (1266–1625)
- Kingdom of Kartli (1478–1762)
- First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
- Republic of Mountainous Armenia (April 1921 – July 1921)
- Republic of Artsakh (December 1991 – September 2023)
- Republic of Aras (1918–1919)
- Centrocaspian Dictatorship (1918)
- Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918–1919)
- Baku Commune (1918)
- Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–1920)
Iberian Peninsula
- Republic of Galicia (1931)
- Asturian Socialist Republic (October 1934)
- Revolutionary Catalonia (1936–1939)
- Iberian Union (1580–1640)
North America
Anguilla
Canada
Dominican Republic
Guatemala
Haiti
Mexico
- Aztec Empire (1428–1521)
- Zapotec civilization (c. 700 BC–1521)
- Governing Junta of Mexico (1808)
United States
- Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1835)
- Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
Oceania
- Kingdom of ʻUvea (15th century–1887)
- Kingdom of Alo
- Kingdom of Sigave
- Kingdom of Mangareva (till 1881, French protectorate since 1844/1871)
- Taiohae Kingdom of Nuku Hiva (till 1901, sovereignty ceded to France in 1842)
- Patu-iki or Kingdom of Niue (c. 1700–1900)
- Saudeleur dynasty (c. 1100 – c. 1628)
- Kingdom of Nauru (till 1888)
- People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu (1977–1978)
South America
Argentina
- United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831)
- Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)
- Republic of Entre Ríos (1820–1821)
- Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821)
- State of Buenos Aires (1852–1861)
- Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (1860–1862)
Bolivia
- State of Upper Peru (1825)
- Republic of Bolívar (1825)
- Republic of Upper Peru (1828)
- Bolivian Republic (1836–1839)
- Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
Brazil
- Republic of Acre (1899–1900; 1903)
- Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)
- Confederation of the Equator (1824)
- Riograndense Republic (1836–1845)
- Juliana Republic (1839)
- Republic of Counani (1886–1891)
Chile
Colombia
- Muisca Confederation (1450–1537)
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
- Kingdom of Chimor (c. 900–1470)
- Inca Empire (1438–1533)
- Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)
- Republic of South Peru (1836–1839)
- Republic of North Peru (1836–1839)
- Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
- Peruvian Republic (1837)
- Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)
- Federal State of Loreto (1896)
- Jungle Nation (1899–1900)
Uruguay
- Governing Junta of Montevideo (1808–1809)
Venezuela
Modern states and territories by type
Dismembered countries
These states are now dissolved into a number of states.
- Greater German Reich – Dissolved in 1945, its former territory now consists of the entirety of the countries of Austria and Germany, and parts of what is now Belarus, the Czech Republic, France, Luxembourg, Poland, Russia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Serbia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Slovenia.
- Empire of Brazil – An empire created after Brazil declared its independence in 1822 and dissolved in 1889, now the countries of Brazil and Uruguay (who declared their independence in 1825, and was recognized in 1828).
- Central America – Existed from 1821 to 1841, broke up into Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
- Republic of China (Mainland Period) – Polity existed to 7 December 1949 and its territory now controlled by the People's Republic of China (Mainland China), Mongolia, portion of the territory claimed by India and Japan, and parts of Afghanistan, Bhutan, Pakistan, Russia and Tajikistan. The rump state, still known as the "Republic of China", continues to control Taiwan and Penghu which was acquired from Japan in 1945, as well as Kinmen and Matsu Islands, forming part of the rump Fujian Province. See also the political status of Taiwan and the Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan.
- Czechoslovakia – Existed from 1918 to 1992, the country wasn't active in World War II, but the government was in exile, dissolved in 1992 and broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
- Korea – Ceased to exist in 1910, its former territory now consists of the entirety of territory controlled by North Korea and South Korea, and a portion of territory claimed by Japan.
- Mali Federation – In 1959 formed by Senegal and French Sudan, both parts of French West Africa, as an independent nation. It collapsed in 1960, and is now Senegal and Mali.
- Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves) created in 1815 when Brazil was upgraded to the rank of kingdom, once the Portuguese royal family was living in Rio de Janeiro since 1809. This country was dissolved in 1822 when Brazil became independent. Now the countries of Portugal, Brazil, Cabo Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, East Timor and Mozambique.
- Rhodesia – Dissolved in 1979, now the country of Zimbabwe.
- Serbia and Montenegro – Dissolved in 2006, now the countries of Montenegro, Serbia, and the partially recognized Kosovo.
- Somali Republic – Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Somalia and unrecognized Somaliland.
- Soviet Union – Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The Baltic countries occupied by USSR until 1991 (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) were not considered by most Western countries de jure part of the USSR.
- United Arab Republic – A union formed by Egypt and Syria in 1958. It was dissolved in 1961, though Egypt used the name until 1971. Other Pan-Arab unity agreements with Iraq and Jordan in the 1950s failed.
- United Arab States – A confederation formed by the United Arab Republic and North Yemen in 1958; it was dissolved in 1961.
- Yugoslavia – Dissolved in 1991 and 1992, now the countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and the partially recognized Kosovo.
Nominally independent homelands of South Africa
Four of the homelands, or bantustans, for black South Africans, were granted nominal independence by the apartheid regime of South Africa. Not recognised by other nations, these effectively were puppet states and were re-incorporated in 1994.
- Bophuthatswana – Declared independent in 1977, reincorporated in 1994.
- Ciskei – Declared independent in 1981, reincorporated in 1994.
- Transkei – Declared independent in 1976, reincorporated in 1994.
- Venda – Declared independent in 1979, reincorporated in 1994.
Secessionist states
These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country.
- Carpatho-Ukraine – declared independence from Czechoslovakia in 1939, but was occupied and annexed by Hungary in one day.
- Cartagena Canton – the haven city of Cartagena, Spain seceded from the First Spanish Republic in 1873.
- Catalan Republic (April 14–17, 1931).
- Chechnya – Virtually independent from Russia from 1996 as Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, however the country was recognized only by the Taliban. After terrorist attacks in 1999 the republic was returned to Russia's control in the Second Chechen War.
- Confederate States – Occupied the southeastern United States, stretching from Texas to Virginia. Declared secession from the U.S. in 1861, reintegrated into the U.S. in 1865. Reconstruction ended in 1876 and U.S. troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877. South Carolina was the first state to declare its secession from the United States, doing so on December 20, 1860. Political factions in the "border states" of Kentucky and Missouri declared themselves parts of the Confederacy and controlled small portions of those regions early in the war. The major Indian tribes in Oklahoma signed an alliance with the Confederacy, and participated in its military efforts against the U.S.
- Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, declared independence from Ukraine in 1992 but soon settled for being an autonomous republic within Ukraine.
- Cruzob, achieved independence from Mexico in 1856, but was reannexed in 1901.
- Green Ukraine – Declared independence from Far Eastern Republic in 1920, dissolved in 1922.
- Herzeg-Bosnia – Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1994.
- Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
- Katanga – Declared its independence of the newly formed Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, was incorporated again into the country in 1963.
- Manitoba – short-lived republic led by Thomas Spence, declared after the Hudson's Bay Company gave up Rupert's Land and before the government of Canada took control (1867).
- Red River Rebellion – provisional government in Rupert's Land, led by Louis Riel in (1869–1870).
- Serbian Krajina – declared independence from Croatia in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 1995.
- South Kasai – declared independence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960, reincorporated into the country in December 1961.
- Supreme Administration of Northern Region – Proclaimed independent in 1918, later became the Provisional Government of the Northern Region.
- Republika Srpska – Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1995.
- Principality of Trinidad – Declared independence in 1893, claimed by United Kingdom in 1895, but incorporated by Brazil.
- Western Bosnia – Declared independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993 and reincorporated into it in 1995.
- Novorossiya – Established in 2015 as a result of the merger of the Donetsk People's Republic with the Luhansk People's Republic and at the beginning of 2015 the confederation project was suspended.
- Donetsk People's Republic – Declared independence on April 7, 2014. As a result of a staged referendum of September 30, 2022, it was incorporated as a republic into the Russian Federation. The incorporation is not recognised.
- Luhansk People's Republic – Declared independence on April 27, 2014. As a result of a staged referendum of September 30, 2022, it was incorporated as a republic into the Russian Federation. The incorporation is not recognised.
- Republic of Artsakh – Declared independence from Azerbaijan in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 2024.
Annexed countries
These nations, once separate, are now part of another country. Cases of voluntary accession are included.
- Regency of Carnaro in 1919 and Free State of Fiume 1920–1924, two short-lived states in the port city of Fiume/Rijeka proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Following World War I, the city was disputed between Italy and Yugoslavia, and eventually captured by Italy in 1921. The city passed to Yugoslavia after World War II and is now in Croatia.
- Couto Misto – Tiny 10th century border territory that was split between Spain and Portugal in 1864–8.
- Crete – Autonomous under Ottoman suzerainty in 1898, unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908, which was recognized in 1913.
- East Germany – Annexed by West Germany in 1990 and now part of Germany.
- England – Merged with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom.
- Franceville (1889–1890) – Independent in 1889, later governed by France and Britain as part of the New Hebrides; now part of Vanuatu.
- Hatay – Part of the Mandate of Syria that became part of Turkey; independent 1938–1939
- Hawaii – Annexed by the U.S. in the late 19th century.
- Khanate of Kalat (1638, 1666–1955) – 1666 to 1955, became part of Pakistan.
- Free States of Menton and Roquebrune – Seceded from Monaco in 1848, under nominal protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia, then annexed by France in 1861.
- Moresnet – 1816–1920, Tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium.
- Natalia Republic – 1839–1843, Was quickly made into a British colony
- Islands of Refreshment – The islands of Tristan da Cunha were settled in 1810 and declared independence in 1811. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1815.
- Scotland – Merged with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom.
- South Vietnam – Occupied by North Vietnam in 1975 and annexed into it in 1976.
- Republic of Tatarstan – Existed from 1992 until annexed by Russia in 1994.
- Transvaal – Now part of South Africa.
- Texas – Annexed by the U.S. in 1845.
See also
- List of former national capitals – Capital cities
- List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
- List of largest empires
- List of micronations
- Lists of political entities by century – Various lists of political entities by century
- List of sovereign states
- List of Bronze Age states (c. 3300 – c. 1200 BC)
- List of Iron Age states (c. 1200 – c. 600 BC)
- List of Classical Age states (c. 600 BC – c. AD 200)
- List of states during Late Antiquity (c. 200 – c. 700)
- List of states during the Middle Ages (c. 700 – c. 1500)
- List of pre-modern states
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (before 1500)
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899) – Chronological list of country and capital changes
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900–1999) – Chronological list of country and capital changes
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000–present) – Chronological list of country and capital changes
- Former countries in Europe after 1815
- List of historic states of Germany – Former German constituent states
- List of historic states of Italy – Historical states located in modern-day Italy
- List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
- Political history of the world
- Princely state – Type of vassal state in India under the British Raj
Notes
- ^ The asserted sovereignty of some states listed here was generally unrecognized; the list of historical unrecognized states and dependencies article may contain further information regarding such states.
- ^ The Nawabs of Bengal ruled the Bengal Subah – a province of the Mughal Empire which pretty much became independent from 1717.
- ^ Partially recognized state existed after WWII
References
Further reading
- Berge, Bjørn (2017). Nowherelands: An Atlas of Vanished Countries 1840–1975. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500519905. 240pp.
- Harding, Les. Dead Countries of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Aden to Zululand. Scarecrow Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8108-3445-6.