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4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
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What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
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Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Timeline of national flags

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article contains a list of the flags and/or modifications made on the flags of current sovereign nations.

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Timeline of National Flags: Europe
  • History of all Flags | timeline of national flags | Flags of the world | Flag | flags | world data
  • North America: 240 Years in Four Minutes (Timeline of National Flags)
  • The Evolution of National Flags Since 2000
  • Africa: Timeline of National Flags - Part 1

Transcription

Sovereign states

Country before 1700s 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Current Country
Afghanistan

1880

1901

1919

1926
 

1928 1929

1930

1973

1974
 

1978 1978

1980

1987

1992

1992

1996

1997

2001

2002

2004

2013

2021
Afghanistan
Albania

1878[1]

1902[2]

1910

1911

1912[3]

1914

1920

1926

1928

1934

1939

1943

1944

1946

1992

2002
Albania
Algeria

1516

1830

1962
Algeria
Andorra

1806

1866


1934

1939

1949

1959

1971
Andorra
Angola

1816

1826

1830

1911

1975
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda

1957

1958

1962

1967
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina

1812

1812

1818

1819

1820

1829

1835

1850

1861

2010
Argentina
Armenia

1885

1918

1918

1922

1936

1940

1952

1990
Armenia
Australia

1769

1801

1901

1903

1908

1954
Australia
Austria

1230

1804

1918

1938

1945

1955
Austria
Azerbaijan

1918

1918

1920

1922

1937

1940

1952

1991

2013
Azerbaijan
Bahamas

1869

1904

1923

1953

1964

1973

2006
Bahamas
Bahrain

1783

1820

1932

1972

2002
Bahrain
Bangladesh

1971

1972
Bangladesh
Barbados

1885

1958

1962

1966
Barbados
Belarus

1918

1919

1919

1927

1937

1940

1941

1944

1951

1991

1995

2012
Belarus
Belgium

1790

1830

1831
Belgium
Belize

1919

1981

2019
Belize
Benin

1958

1975

1990
Benin
Bhutan

1949

1956

1969
Bhutan
Bolivia

1825

1826

1851
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1377

1878

1878
1908

1918

1941

1946

1992

1998
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1448
1908
Botswana

1885

1966
Botswana
Brazil

1816

1816

1822

1822

1870

1889

1889

1960

1968

1992
Brazil
Brunei

pre-1906

1906

1941

1945

1959
Brunei
Bulgaria
1878
1908

1918

1946

1948

1967

1971

1991
Bulgaria
1878
1908
Burkina Faso

1959

1984
Burkina Faso
Burundi

1885

1919

1961

1962

1966

1966

1967

1982
Burundi
Cambodia

1863

1887

1942

1945

1953

1970

1975

1979

1989

1992

1993
Cambodia
Cameroon

1884
1916
1957

1961

1975
Cameroon
1916
1922
Canada

1868

1921

1957

1965
Canada
Cape Verde

1816

1826

1830

1911

1975

1992
Cape Verde
Central African Republic

1903

1958
Central African Republic
Chad

1959
Chad
Chile

1812

1817

1818
Chile
China

1888[4]

1912[4]

1928[4]

1949[4]
China, People's Republic of
Colombia

1525

1785

1811

1814

1816

1819

1820

1821

1831

1834
 

1861 1861
Colombia
Comoros

1887

1963

1975

1978

1992

1996

2001
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the

1877

1960

1963

1966

1971

1997

2003

2006
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the

1891

1958

1970

1991
Congo, Republic of the
Costa Rica

1506

1821

1823

1824

1824

1824

1840

1842

1848

1906
Costa Rica
Croatia

1527

1809

1815

1848

1852

1868

1918

1918

1939

1941

1943

1945

1990

1990
Croatia
Cuba

1506

1785

1873

1898

1902

1906

1908

1909

1959
Cuba
Cyprus

1192

1489

1844

1878

1881

1922

1960

1960

2006
Cyprus
Czechia

1198

1804

1918

1920

1939

1945

1990

1993
Czech Republic
Denmark

14th c.[5]
Denmark
Djibouti

1844

1896

1977
Djibouti
Dominica

1663

1715

1763

1801

1871

1940

1958

1962

1978

1981

1988

1990
Dominica
Dominican Republic

1506

1795

1808

1821

1844

1849

1861

1865
Dominican Republic
East Timor

1702

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1942

1945

1975

1975

1976

1999

2002
East Timor
Ecuador

1534

1785

1809

1812

1820

1822

1822

1830

1835

1845

1845

1860

1900

2009
Ecuador
Egypt

661

750-969

1844

1882

1922

1952

1958

1972

1984
Egypt
El Salvador

1525

1717

1785

1821



1823

1826



1827


1842

1850

1854

1860

1864

1865

1869

1873

1875

1896


1898

1900

1912

1916


1921


1923
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea

1667

1707

1750

1778

1785

1931

1936

1938

1945

1968

1973

1979
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea

1890

1941

1941

1952

1975

1987

1991

1993

1995
Eritrea
Estonia

1918

1940

1941

1944

1953

1990
Estonia
Eswatini

1890

1894

1903

1968

2011
Eswatini
Ethiopia


1897

1914


1936

1941

1974

1987

1991

1996

2009
Ethiopia
Fiji

1865

1867

1869

1871

1878

1924

1970
Fiji
Finland

1562

1809

1858

1883

1917

1918
Finland
France

1643[citation needed]

1790[citation needed]

1794[6]

1814

1830[7]

1940

1944

1958

1974[8]

2020[8]
France

1940
Gabon

1903

1959

1960
Gabon
Gambia

1783

1801

1965
Gambia
Georgia

1008-1490

1801

1858

1883

1918

1921

1922

1937

1951

1990

2004
Georgia
Germany
1400

1848

1867

1919

1933

1935

1946
1949
Germany
1433
1949
1959
Ghana
1821

1877

1957

1961

1964

1966
Ghana
1612
1795
1806
1810
1814
Greece

1378

1769
1822
1833
1862
1967

1970

1975

1978
Greece
1822 (naval ensign)
Grenada

1663

1715

1763

1779

1783

1801

1875

1903

1958

1962

1967

1974
Grenada
Guatemala

1519

1821

1823

1825

1838

1843

1851

1858

1871
Guatemala
Guinea

1898

1958
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau

1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1974
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana

1581

1795

1806

1810

1814

1875

1906

1919

1955

1966
Guyana
Haiti

1663

1715

1790

1791

1798

1803

1804

1806

1811

1821

1849

1859

1964

1986
Haiti
Honduras

1519

1821

1823

1825

1838

1866

1898

1898

1949

2022
Honduras
Hungary

1526

1848

1848

1849

1867

1869–1918

1896–1915

1918

1919

1919

1940

1946

1949

1956

1956

1957
Hungary
Iceland

1536

1809

1810

1900

1918

1944
Iceland
India
1526

1858

1906

1907
1908

1917

1921

1931

1947
India
1674
1773
Indonesia

1640

1800

1942

1945
Indonesia
Iran

1576

1736

1747

1760

1852

1907

1933

1964

1980
Iran
Iraq

1844

1921

1958

1959

1963

1991

2004

2008
Iraq
Ireland

1542

1801

1922
Ireland
Israel

1844

1920

1948

1948
Israel
Italy

1802

1805

1814

1861
 

1946

2003

2006
Italy

1943-april 1945
Ivory Coast

1896

1959
Ivory Coast
Jamaica

1655

1801

1875

1906

1957

1958

1962
Jamaica
Japan
701

1192-1573

1603

1868

1945

1952

1999
Japan
Jordan

1844

1920

1921

1958

1958
Jordan
Kazakhstan

1822

1858

1883

1915

1917

1920

1932

1937

1940

1953

1991

1992
Kazakhstan
Kenya

1885

1885

1921

1963
Kenya
Kiribati

1892

1937

1942

1943

1979
Kiribati
Korea, North

960

1800

1856

1882

1882

1888

1893

1893

1899

1910

1945

1946

1946

1948

1992
Korea, North
Korea, South

1945

1948

1949

1984

1997

2011
Korea, South
Kuwait

1521

1844

1899

1914

1921

1940

1961
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan

1876

1883

1918

1936

1952

1991

1992

1992

2023
Kyrgyzstan
Laos

1707

1893

1952

1975
Laos
Latvia

1562

1661

1692

1721

1918

1919

1920

1940

1941

1944

1953

1990
Latvia
Lebanon

1697

1844

1918

1920

1943
Lebanon
Lesotho

1795

1801

1875

1884

1966

1987

2006
Lesotho
Liberia

1827

1847
Liberia
Libya

1711

1912

1951

1969

1972

1977

2011
Libya
Liechtenstein

1400

1719

1852

1921

1937

1982
Liechtenstein
Lithuania

1587

1795

1858

1883

1918

1940

1941

1944

1953

1988

2004
Lithuania
Luxembourg

1482

1781

1795

1815

1845

1940

1944
Luxembourg
Madagascar

 1787

1885

1896

1958
Madagascar
Malawi

1907

1953

1963

1964

2010

2012
Malawi
Malaysia

1641

1795

1801

1818

1824

1896

1942

1945

1949

1963
Malaysia
Maldives

1796

1903

1926

1953

1954

1965
Maldives
Mali

1892

1958

1959

1961
Mali
Malta

1530

1798

1800

1801

1814

1875

1898

1923

1943

1964
Malta
Marshall Islands

1885

1889

1914

1919

1944

1947

1965

1979
Marshall Islands
Mauritania

1900

1959

2017
Mauritania
Mauritius

1666

1710

1789

1810

1869

1906

1923

1968
Mauritius
Mexico

1519

1821

1821

1823

1864

1867

1893

1916

1934

1968
Mexico
Micronesia

1885

1899

1914

1919

1944

1947

1965

1979
Micronesia
Moldova

1396

1834

1866

1883

1917

1919

1925

1937

1938

1940

1952

1990

2010
Moldova
1859
1862
1867
Monaco

1793

1881

1942

1945
Monaco
Mongolia

1862

1890

1911

1924

1930

1940

1945

1992

2011
Mongolia
Montenegro

1696

1851

1876

1905

1918

1918

1946

1992

1994

2004
Montenegro
Morocco

1666
1913

1956
Morocco
1921
Mozambique

1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1974

1975

1983

1983

Mozambique
Myanmar

1753

1885

1937

1943

1945

1948

1974

2010
Myanmar
Namibia

1884

1915

1928

1982

1990
Namibia
Nauru

1888

1914

1942

1945

1968
Nauru
Nepal
1768
1856

c. 1930

1962
Nepal
Netherlands

1581
/

1652

1795

1806

1810

1814
Netherlands
New Zealand

1769

1834

1840

1867

1869
New Zealand
Nicaragua

1524

1823

1825

1839

1858

1889

1893

1896

1908

1971
Nicaragua
Niger

1922

1959
Niger
Nigeria

1886

1900

1960
   
Nigeria

1967
North Macedonia

1844

1903

1903

1912

1918

1941

1944

1946

1992

1995
North Macedonia
Norway

1536

1814

1818

1821

1844

1900
Norway
Oman

1856

1970

1995
Oman
Pakistan

1526

1747

1761

1849

1858

1880

1947
Pakistan
Palau

1885

1899

1914

1919

1944

1947

1965

1981
Palau
Palestine

1844

1920

1948

1949

1958

1958

1967

1982

1994
Palestine
1949
1952
1958
Panama

1510

1717

1785

1811

1816

1819

1820

1821

1834

1861

1903

1925

2017
Panama
Papua New Guinea
1884
1906

1942
1945

1949

1965

1971
Papua New Guinea
1884
1889
1914
1945
Paraguay

1537

1717

1785

1811

1811

1811

1812

1826

1842

1954

1988

1990

2013
Paraguay
Peru

1542

1717

1785

1820

1822

1822

1825
   

1950
Peru

1836
Philippines

1565

1762

1764

1821

1897

1898

1901

1908

1912

1919

1936

1942

1943

1945

1985

1986

1998
Philippines
Poland

966

c. 1605
Partitions
1795

1807

1815

1815

1863

1919

1928

1939

1944

1980
Poland
Portugal

1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911
Portugal
Qatar

661-750

c. 1700

1860

1916

1916

1932

1936

1949

1971
Qatar
Romania
1330
1834

1848

1859

1862

1867

1948

1948

1952

1965

1989

1989
Romania
1396
1834
Russia

1668

1696

1858

1914

1917

1922

1924

1924

1936

1955

1993
Russia

1918

1918

1937

1954

1991
Rwanda

1885

1919

1959

1961

1962

2001
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
1626

1713

1801

1871

1958

1962

1967

1983
Saint Kitts and Nevis
1663
Saint Lucia

1663

1715

1743

1756

1762

1763

1778

1783

1789

1796

1801

1802

1803

1903

1939

1962

1967

1979

2002
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

1663

1715

1763

1778

1783

1801

1903

1962

1979

1985

1985
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa

1858

1873

1879

1887

1900

1914

1922

1948

1949
Samoa
San Marino

1862

2011
San Marino
São Tomé and Príncipe

1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1975
São Tomé and Príncipe
Saudi Arabia

1517
1744
1818
1824
1891
1902
1926

1932

1934

1938

1973
Saudi Arabia
1844
1920
Senegal

1643

1789

1814

1830

1958

1959

1960
Senegal
Serbia

1346

1804

1835

1882

1918

1941

1946
 

1992

2004

2010
Serbia
Seychelles

1756

1811

1903

1961

1976

1977

1996
Seychelles
Sierra Leone

1792

1801

1889

1961
Sierra Leone
Singapore

1699

1819

1874

1925

1942

1945

1946

1959

1963

1965
Singapore
Slovakia

1920

1938

1945

1992
Slovakia
Slovenia

1335

1803

1813

1918

1918

1943

1945

1991
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
1886

1906

1942

1945

1947

1956

1966

1977
Solomon Islands
1893
Somalia

1415

1888

1896

1888/1920

1946

1960
Somalia
South Africa

1652

1664

1795

1801
1875

1910

1912

1928

1982

1994
South Africa
1854
South Sudan

1844

1882

1885

1899

1922

1952

1956

1970

2011

2023
South Sudan
Spain

1506

1701

1760

1785

1873

1875

1931

1936

1938

1945

1977

1981
Spain
Sri Lanka

161 BC[9]

1593

1815

1948

1951

1972
Sri Lanka
Sudan

1844

1882

1885

1899

1922

1952

1956

1970
Sudan
Suriname

1581

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1975
Suriname
Sweden

1562

1815

1844

1905/1906
Sweden
Switzerland

1470

1798

1803

1889
Switzerland
Syria

1844

1920

1920

1922

1932

1958
boder

1961

1963

1972

1980
Syria
Taiwan

1661

1683

1890

1895

1895

1945
China, Republic of (Taiwan)
Tajikistan

1869

1883

1918

1921

1929

1929

1931

1935

1936

1938

1940

1953

1991

1992
Tajikistan
Tanzania

1885

1919

1961

1964
Tanzania

1964
Thailand

1680

1782

1817

1843

1893

1916

1917

2017
Thailand
Togo

1884

1914

1957

1958

1960
Togo
Tonga

1858

1862

1875
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago

1498

1796

1801

1889

1962
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia

1574

1831

1999
Tunisia
Turkey

1844

1936
Turkey
Turkmenistan

1868

1883

1917

1920

1922

1926

1937

1940

1953

1992

1997

2001
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu

1892

1937

1976

1978

1995

1996

1997
Tuvalu
Uganda

1894

1914

1962
Uganda
Ukraine

1119

1362

1471

1569
c. 1772
1849
1890

1917
1920

1941

1944

1949

1991

1992
Ukraine
1654
1668

1696

1858

1919

1929

1937
1649
United Arab Emirates

?-1820

1892

1968

1971
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
1277[10]

1606[11]

1707[12]

1801[13]
United Kingdom

1542[14]

1606[11]
United States

1775

1777

1795

1818

1819

1820

1822

1836

1837

1845

1846

1847

1848

1851

1858

1859

1861

1863

1865

1867

1877

1890

1891

1896

1908

1912

1959

1960
United States of America
Uruguay

1624

1717

1785

1812

1815

1821

1822

1825

1828

1830
Uruguay
Uzbekistan

1785

1920

1924

1953

1991
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu

1887
1906
1953

1980
Vanuatu
1906
1940
1945
Vatican City

754

1803

1825

1849

1849

1870

1929

2001

2023
Vatican City
Venezuela

1522

1785

1811

1813

1814

1817

1819

1820

1821

1836

1859

1859

1863

1905

1930

1954

2006
Venezuela
Vietnam

1885

1887

1890

1920
1945
1955

1976
Vietnam

1945

1945

1946

1948

1975
Yemen

1872
1918
1923
1927
1962

1990
Yemen
1886
1937
1962
1967
Zambia

1924

1953

1963

1964

1996
Zambia
Zimbabwe

1896

1923

1953

1964

1968

1979

1979

1980
Zimbabwe
Country before 1700s Current Country
1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

States with limited recognition

Country Before 1900 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Current Country
Abkhazia

1866

1921

1931

1935

1937

1938

1951

1992
Abkhazia
Kosovo

1999

2008
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus

1984
Northern Cyprus
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

1976
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland

1903

1950

1952

1960

1991

1994
Somaliland
South Ossetia

1992
South Ossetia
Transnistria

1937

1938

1940

1992
Transnistria
Country Before 1900 Current Country
1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

Dependent territories

Territory before 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Current Territory
Åland

1562

1809

1858

1883

1917

1918

1921

1954
Åland
Anguilla

1667

1801

1871

1958

1967

1969

1990
Anguilla
Aruba

1581
/

1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1976
Aruba
Ascension Island

1657

1801

1874

1984

2009
Ascension Island
Bermuda

1684

1801

1875

1910

1999
Bermuda
Bonaire

1581
/

1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1981
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands

1672

1801

1960
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands

1670

1801

1958

1999
Cayman Islands
Christmas Island

1770

1801

1901

1903

1908

1954

1986
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands

1770

1801

1901

1903

1908

1954

2003
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cook Islands

1858

1888

1893

1901

1902

1973

1979
Cook Islands
Curaçao

1581
/

1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1981
Curaçao
Easter Island

1541

1717

1785

1812
 

1817 1817

2006
Easter Island
Falkland Islands

1876

1925

1948

1999
Falkland Islands
Faroe Islands

14th C.[citation needed]

1940
Faroe Islands
French Guiana

1643

1790

1794

1830

1958

1976

2010
French Guiana
French Polynesia

1643

1790

1794

1814

1830

1976

1984
French Polynesia
Gibraltar

1704

1801

1875

1921

1939

1982
Gibraltar
Greenland

1606

1989
Greenland
Guernsey

1801

1890

1936

1985
Guernsey
Hong Kong

1843

1871

1876

1941

1945

1955

1959

1997
Hong Kong
Jersey

1801

1907

1977

1981
Jersey
Macau

1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1975

1999
Macau
Montserrat

1672

1801

1960

1999
Montserrat
New Caledonia

1643

1790

1794

1814

1830

1976

2010
New Caledonia
Niue

1769

1834

1840

1867

1902

1975
Niue
Norfolk Island

1770

1801

1901

1903

1908

1954

1979
Norfolk Island
Pitcairn Islands

1790

1838

1984
Pitcairn Islands
Saba

1581
/

1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1985
Saba
Saint Helena

1657

1801

1874

1984
Saint Helena
Sint Eustatius

1581
/

1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1986

2004
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten

1581
/

1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1985
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

1876

1925

1948

1992

1999
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Tristan da Cunha

1657

1801

1874

1984

2002
Tristan da Cunha
Tokelau

1769

1834

1840

1867

1902

1989

2009
Tokelau
Turks and Caicos Islands

1681

1706

1801

1889

1968

1999
Turks and Caicos Islands
Wallis and Futuna

1643

1790

1794

1814

1830

1842

1860

1886

1887

1910

1958

1985
Wallis and Futuna
Territory Before 1700s Current Territory
1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Dedaj, Martin (12 September 2018). "Një flamur i vjetër kombëtar shqiptar me mbishkrimin "MIRDITA", i ngjashëm me flamurin e Kastriotëve, ruhet sot e kësaj dite në një familje mirditore…" (in Albanian). Pirusti News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Juan Pedro Aladro Kastriota, Albanian Pretender". Ottoman History Podcast. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Cover Page" (PDF). Perlindja e Shqipëniës (in Albanian). 7 March 1914. p. 331. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d Xing, Fei (2013). The Study of Vexillology in China (PDF). 25th International Congress of Vexillology. Rotterdam: International Federation of Vexillological Associations.
  5. ^ Bjerg, Hans Christian (2006). Dannebrog, historien om et kristent og nationalt symbol (in Danish). Hovedland. p. 12. ISBN 978-87-7739-906-0.
  6. ^ "The French Flag". www.diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  7. ^ "History of the French flag". Société française de vexillologie. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  8. ^ a b AFP (16 November 2021). "Macron reverts French flag to navy blue from lighter EU shade". Euronews. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Sri Lanka's National Flag". The Sunday Times. 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  10. ^ Perrin, William Gordon (1922). British flags, their early history, and their development at sea; with an account of the origin of the flag as a national device. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  11. ^ a b Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1904). The art of heraldry: an encyclopædia of armory. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack. p. 399. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  12. ^ Johnson, Ben. "The Act of Union". Historic UK. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  13. ^ The European Magazine: And London Review. Vol. 39. Philological Society of London. 1801. p. 74.
  14. ^ National Library of Scotland (1542). "Plate from the Lindsay Armorial". Scran. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
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